2Dunkan
What was the origin of Saruman's Uruk-hai?
Whatever the details of their origins, all evidence indicates that
like all Orcs, Saruman's Uruk-hai were bred "naturally" by mating
humanoid creatures who then bore live young. The real questions are
whether it was Sauron or Saruman who planned that breeding, and what
stock they were bred from.
It is important that the meaning of "Uruk-hai" be clear from the
start. Appendix F says that "the word _uruk_ of the Black Speech...
was applied as a rule only to the great soldier-orcs that at this time
issued from Mordor and Isengard." As for the plural, the index of
_Unfinished Tales_ says that "Uruks" is an "Anglicized form of
_Uruk-hai_ of the Black Speech", and Tolkien seems to have used the
terms "Uruks" and "Uruk-hai" interchangeably. However, it is not clear
whether, at the end of the Third Age, the term "Uruk" referred to a
specific breed or to all "great soldier-orcs".
According to Appendix A, the race of Uruks first appeared out of
Mordor in the last years of Steward Denethor I, before TA 2475. If
"Uruk" is the name of a specific Orc breed, then this proves that
Saruman had no hand in their creation. However, by the time of LotR
there is some evidence that several breeds had that name: the companies
of Ugluk, Shagrat, and Gorbag were all Uruks, and they differed at
least slightly in size and appearance (for example, Sam observed that
Gorbag's troop's gear was "a better fit" than Shagrat's). Still, this
evidence is not conclusive; it seems that we cannot determine the
meaning of the word _Uruk_ itself without answering the larger
question.
As for Saruman, it is well established that he conducted a breeding
program crossing Orcs (quite possibly Uruks) with humans. Immediately
following the quotation from _Morgoth's Ring_ cited in question
III.B.14 (Text X of "Myths Transformed") which describes Morgoth's
technique of mating Orcs with Men, Tolkien says that
There is no doubt that long afterwards, in the Third Age, Saruman
rediscovered this, or learned of it in lore, and in his lust for
mastery committed this, his wickedest deed: the interbreeding of
Orcs and Men, producing both Men-orcs large and cunning, and Orc-men
treacherous and vile.
While this is the only explicit statement of Saruman's deeds, there are
numerous comments in LotR about Orclike Men and Manlike Orcs associated
with Isengard. The most direct comments come from the chapter
"Treebeard", where Treebeard ponders Saruman's Orcs:
For these Isengarders are more like wicked Men. It is a mark of
evil things that came in the Great Darkness that they cannot abide
the Sun, but Saruman's Orcs can endure it, even if they hate it. I
wonder what he has done? Are they Men he has ruined, or has he
blended the races of Orcs and Men? That would be a black evil!
The close agreement between Treebeard's thoughts here and the explicit
statement in _Morgoth's Ring_ makes it seem very likely that this was
Tolkien's intent.
The remaining question is whether Saruman's Uruk-hai were the
"Men-orcs" from his breeding program. This seems very likely, but it
is difficult to find absolute proof. (Treebeard's comments suggest
that the Isengarders' tolerance of sunlight might make this clear, but
it is hard to prove that Uruks of Mordor lacked that tolerance.)
"TOLKIEN NEWSGROUPS FAQ
by Steuard Jensen
(Created 17 Aug 1999)
(Last updated 18 Jan 2004)"
http://faqs.org.ru/en/literature/tolkien/newsgroups.htm p.4 #17
перевод нужен? считается, что вся эта беда "надёргана" из оригинальных текстов, просто ЕСЛИ ЗНАЕТЕ назовите книжку и главу, я конечно понимаю, что если тема кем-то создана, то хоть и с тупым ответом, но отметится в ней надо, и вполне логично упоминуть фангорна, когда автор топика просил не делать этого...
P.S. что за "Приложения" такие?